![]() Two types of dependence have been traditionally considered: instrumental and emotional. These results are congruent with the studies of Feeney and Noller, Hamidi, and Arefi et al. Recent studies confirmed a positive and significant correlation between obsessive love and ambivalent attachment style. Attachment styles are usually resistant to modification and change. According to the attachment theory, the attachment system is not limited to childhood and extends to emotional relationships (e.g., friendships, marital relationships, etc.). Kinsfogel and Grych noted that the characteristics of emotional dependency, high need for intimacy, and abandonment anxiety are consequences of a preoccupied attachment style. Among male batterers, maladaptive interpersonal dependence has been conceptualized as a consequence of childhood insecure attachment and a mean to preserve the male ego. A higher level of dependence may generate attachment anxieties, manifested through higher levels of intimate jealousy, more impaired intimate interpersonal competence, and increased perpetration and severity of perpetrated intimate aggression. Violence and controlling behaviors may result in abusive relationships many researchers have shown that the underlying causes of those behaviors are not only based on levels of aggression but also acted as a mean of maintaining the subject’s own sense of self-worth, identity, and general functioning. Therefore, high levels of emotional dependency rather than high levels of aggression have been interpreted as a significant precursor of physical violence. A research evidenced that violent men have higher levels of aggression, but also higher levels of emotional insecurity. Other studies have been undertaken in order to compare levels of aggression and emotional security, aiming to assess whether emotional dependence presents a greater risk for aggression in domestic violence incidents. Men who use violence against their partners usually focus solely on the affair, excluding many other social contacts. Physically violent men have lower self-esteem and higher abandonment fears, even if compared to subjects in unhappy relationships. found that physically violent men show extremely high levels of emotional dependency in comparison with subjects in both happy and unhappy relationships and therefore concluded that emotionally dependent individuals are more likely to resort to violence than not emotionally dependent ones, also if in an unhappy relationship. Researchers are increasingly recognizing emotional dependency as a primary precursor of violence within relationships. ![]() Sociocultural and demographical variables, together with the previous structuring of attachment styles, help to determine the scope, frequency, and intensity of the demands made to the partner, as well as to feed the fears of loss, abandonment, or betrayal. A fundamental distinction between reactive and proactive aggression was observed, anchoring proactive aggression more strictly to emotional dependency. Differences with regard to sex, age group, and geographical distribution were evidenced for the scores of the different scales. ![]() In the whole sample, a positive correlation between emotional dependency and proactive aggression was identified. The Spouse-Specific Dependency Scale (SSDS) and the Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) were administered to a sample of 3375 subjects. The aim of the paper is to explore the correlation between affective dependency and reactive/proactive aggression and to evaluate individual differences as predisposing factors for aggressive behaviour and emotional dependency. The underlying causes of such behaviours are not solely based on levels of aggression, but act as a mean of maintaining the subject’s own sense of self-worth, identity, and general functioning. Emotionally dependent subjects may engage in controlling, restrictive, and aggressive behaviours, which limit their partner’s autonomy.
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